Statment of purpuse for MBA school Personal Statement

Statment of purpuse for MBA school - Personal Statement Example The MBA prepares a student in the field by motivating one to use and develop analytical decision-makings which are very useful for employers because such preparation demand less assistance from other employees. Creative skills are also developed while one analyses a situation and develop solutions to the problem posed and the ingenuity of how it is resolved can measure an individual’s ability to look into strategies that are commendable. Consequently, the person is now trained to be self-reliant and would not always need other people’s attention to himself rather could be trusted to be able to complete a task without much assistance. As the title of the course suggests, entrepreneurship is one of the paths that one is developed, being given information that would be virtually important to this endeavor, not to mention being updated with the latest business trends. Effective communication, presentation and negotiation skills are also deemed important in the current compe titive business world and the MBA prepares a student to such through intensive training not only in theory but especially through immersion to the tasks and business people through ‘on the job’ training programs.

IP addressing scenario Essay Example for Free

IP addressing scenario Essay According to the scenario, the company will have a single, physical location with approximately145 hosts on the network. In this case, I would suggest using a class C address such as 192. 168. 0. 0. Reason why is because you can put all the devices on a single subnet with the subnet mask 255. 255. 255. 0/24. This would allow for 253 usable host addresses, which is more than needed in this case. Whether you should dynamically or statically assign those IP’s goes, I suggest assigning it dynamically. Unless you don’t mind MANUALLY managing 218 hosts, you should definitely go with DHCP. The router will be well capable of handing out addresses for 145 hosts. Since there is only one location used in this case, only one network should be used as it will only complicate things to have more than one network. Since DHCP is being used as the suggestion, whether we should use a router and/or firewall, or utilizing Windows Server†¦the answer is yes. The router for dishing out the IP addresses and the firewall should be used for security purposes. Using Windows Server just for DHCP is rather overkill. Using these suggested methods should also accommodate for at least 50% growth within the next few years. Windows 2008 Network Services To understand the functions of DNS and DHCP, first we must acknowledge their necessities. Humans in general are fairly decent at remembering certain numbers, like home addresses, phone numbers, and Social Securities. And even those simple tasks are becoming difficult for us because of technology doing all the remembering for us. We are becoming lazier and more dependent on computers. If we can’t even do these menial tasks efficiently, how would you expect us to remember dozens of IP addresses for websites? This brings to a solution. Also known as name resolution, it allows us to enter the name of a website, and then the resolution service finds the IP address for that website and directs the request to that address. Domain Name System is the service that provides name resolution on networks and the Internet. When you specify a site address in your browser on your local network, a DNS server intercepts that request and checks its cache. If the IP address is in the cache from a previous request, the request is completed and your browser is directed to the IP address. If the address is not in the cache, DNS makes a query to the next DNS server above it until a server in the upstream chain is able to return the address. Dynamic Host Control Protocol is a service that automatically assigns IP addresses to devices that connect to the network. If a device is configured to automatically obtain an IP address, it sends out a request for an IP address when it connects to a network. The request may get more than one offer of an IP address, and the computer typically accepts the first offer that it gets. This relieves the network administrator of having to manage each device. Setting up a DHCP is really not necessary for either 2 computers even 5 computers as you could easily assign them statically. However, when it comes to managing 25 computers, I would absolutely assign it DHCP as it may become confusing have to track that many different devices.

Installation Guide :: essays research papers

1 This product can be set up using an any y curr curren en ent t web br browser owser owser, , i.e e., ., Internet Explorer 6 or Netscape Navigator 6.2.3. DI-524 Air AirPlus Plus G 802.11g/2.4GHz Wireless Router 5V DC Power Adapter  ©2003 D-Link Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective holders. Software and specifications subject to change without notice. DI-524. 11142003 Before You Begin 1. If you purchased this router to share your high-speed Internet connection with other computers, you must have either an Ethernet-based Cable or DSL modem with an established Internet account from an Internet Service Provider (ISP). 2. It’s best to use the same computer that is connected to your modem for configuring the DI-524 AirPlus G Wireless Router. The DI-524 acts as a DHCP server and will assign all the necessary IP address information on your network. See Appendix at the end of this Quick Installation Guide or the Manual on the CD-ROM for setting each network adapter to automatically obtain an IP address. Check Your Package Contents DI-524 AirPlus G 802.11g/2.4GHz Wireless Router CD-ROM (containing Manual and Warranty) Ethernet (CAT5 UTP/Straight Through) Cable Using a power supply with a different voltage rating will damage and void the warranty of this product. If any of the above items are missing, please contact your reseller. TM 2 Connecting The DI-524 Wireless Router To Your Network A. Receptor for Power Adapter. Reset Button Pressing this button restores the Router to its original factory default settings. A. First, connect the power adapter to the receptor at the back panel of the DI-524 and then plug the other end of the power adapter to a wall outlet or power strip. The Power LED lights up indicating proper operation. B. 1. Power off your Cable or DSL modem; devices that do not have a on/off switch and will require you to unplug the power adapter. Now, the DI-524 should be powered on and the Cable / DSL modem should be turned off. Cable / DSL modem (Power Off) – DI-524 (Power On) 2. Connect an Ethernet cable to the Ethernet jack located on the Cable / DSL modem. After the Ethernet cable is securely connected, power on the Cable / DSL modem by turning on the unit or plugging in the power adapter. Cable / DSL modem (Power On) – DI-524 (Power On) 3. Insert the other end of the Ethernet cable to the WAN PORT on the back panel of the DI-524. The WAN LED light will illuminate to indicate proper connection. If the WAN LED is not illuminated, please go back to step B1 and repeat the steps. Installation Guide :: essays research papers 1 This product can be set up using an any y curr curren en ent t web br browser owser owser, , i.e e., ., Internet Explorer 6 or Netscape Navigator 6.2.3. DI-524 Air AirPlus Plus G 802.11g/2.4GHz Wireless Router 5V DC Power Adapter  ©2003 D-Link Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks or registered trademarks are the property of their respective holders. Software and specifications subject to change without notice. DI-524. 11142003 Before You Begin 1. If you purchased this router to share your high-speed Internet connection with other computers, you must have either an Ethernet-based Cable or DSL modem with an established Internet account from an Internet Service Provider (ISP). 2. It’s best to use the same computer that is connected to your modem for configuring the DI-524 AirPlus G Wireless Router. The DI-524 acts as a DHCP server and will assign all the necessary IP address information on your network. See Appendix at the end of this Quick Installation Guide or the Manual on the CD-ROM for setting each network adapter to automatically obtain an IP address. Check Your Package Contents DI-524 AirPlus G 802.11g/2.4GHz Wireless Router CD-ROM (containing Manual and Warranty) Ethernet (CAT5 UTP/Straight Through) Cable Using a power supply with a different voltage rating will damage and void the warranty of this product. If any of the above items are missing, please contact your reseller. TM 2 Connecting The DI-524 Wireless Router To Your Network A. Receptor for Power Adapter. Reset Button Pressing this button restores the Router to its original factory default settings. A. First, connect the power adapter to the receptor at the back panel of the DI-524 and then plug the other end of the power adapter to a wall outlet or power strip. The Power LED lights up indicating proper operation. B. 1. Power off your Cable or DSL modem; devices that do not have a on/off switch and will require you to unplug the power adapter. Now, the DI-524 should be powered on and the Cable / DSL modem should be turned off. Cable / DSL modem (Power Off) – DI-524 (Power On) 2. Connect an Ethernet cable to the Ethernet jack located on the Cable / DSL modem. After the Ethernet cable is securely connected, power on the Cable / DSL modem by turning on the unit or plugging in the power adapter. Cable / DSL modem (Power On) – DI-524 (Power On) 3. Insert the other end of the Ethernet cable to the WAN PORT on the back panel of the DI-524. The WAN LED light will illuminate to indicate proper connection. If the WAN LED is not illuminated, please go back to step B1 and repeat the steps.

Adult social care settings Essay

1.1 Define Person centred values. Person centred values means the people whom we support are treated as equals and are involved in all aspects and areas of their care and that they are respected and valued as individuals. This means being involved in their assessments, care delivery and support planning, basically person centred values is making sure all approaches, policies and procedures and care practices put the residents at the centre of the day-to-day activities. It should also include the residents and their families in the planning and maintaining of this. 1.2 Explain why it is important to work in a way that embeds person centred values. The underlying purpose of person centred values is to ensure that the individual needing care is put at the very centre of the decision making progress about their life and the services and support they want, need and require. Person centred values is about putting an individuals needs and choices first, respecting their privacy and dignity and giving that individual as much independence as possible. under this strict system, the person is always placed at the very centre of the planning of the care programme required, in that he or she will always be consulted and that his or her views will always come first. Therefore the plan is tailor-made to that particular person, and it should include all aspects of care, from the Social and Health Services, from that individual’s family and from the voluntary sector. Outcome 2 Understand how to implement a person centred approach in an adult social care setting. 2.1 Describe how to find out the history, preferences, wishes and needs of an individual. By working in a way that puts an individual we are supporting at the centre of any planning and communicating with them we can find out information about their history, preferences and wishes. By using this approach we aim to see the person as an individual, rather than focusing on their illness or on abilities they may have. We can also include asking their family, friends, carers, other professionals including, GPS, nurses, social workers and also by looking at documents, such as pictures, letters, etc†¦ 2.2 Describe how to take into account the history, preferences, wishes and needs of an individual when planning care and support. When planning individual support it is necessary to record day-to-day preferences and requirements of the individuals care and support, we can do this by addressing individuals needs and preferences in a care plan, this holds all information about the individual you are supporting, their likes and dislikes, their hobbies, family information and their health as it changes. You can find out in a care plan if an individual likes reading in the afternoon or dancing to Elvis, and you can plan their daily activities around this, it is a way you can ensure the environment promotes well-being for your individual you are supporting. Having a holistic approach to meeting the needs and preferences of each individual is also a key skill. Things can change however depending on how that individual is feeling, say for example they feel physically sick and tired, they are not going to want to get out of bed, get washed, get dressed and sit in a room full of people all day, they are a lot more likely to want to lye in bed all day and that is fine as long as all their needs have been met and you explain what this choice will mean. 2.3 Explain how using and individuals care plan contributes to working in a person centred way. Plans for how people want their support to be delivered are a vital part of  person-centred working. People should be in centre of their plans and the planning process is a key way of ensuring that are at the centre of any support provided Care support plans are now developed by the person themselves, sometimes with support from family and friends. Plans are then agreed by the social worker or the manager. The development of a support plan is the perfect example of how person-centred working operates. Instead offering people a choice of what is currently available and finding what best fits their needs, person-centred working looks at someone’s needs and built the support package around them. One of the important aspects of person-centred planning is to look at what people are able to do for themselves and to ensure that services are not taking over aspects of a person’s life that they could perfectly well manage without support. Outcome 3 Understand the importance of establishing consent when providing care or support. 3.1 Define the word ‘consent’ Consent is the informed agreement to an action and/or decision. Permission for something to happen or agreement to do something. 3.2 Explain the importance of gaining consent when providing care or support. When working with an individual it is important to uphold their rights to be fully involved in their own care, whilst adhering to legal requirements. It is also the individuals right to refuse any care, support or treatment they do not want. It is also essential that people not only give you their consent but also that they understand what they are consenting to and the implications of this. Gaining consent protects not just the career but the individual receiving the care and support as-well. If no consent is given then you cannot proceed with the care. It is illegal to pressure anyone into something they do not want to do. 3.3 Describe how to establish consent for an activity or action. Consent can be implied, verbal, informed or written. Good communication skills and active listening plays a key role when gaining consent, by listening and treating an individual with respect you gain their trust and this is a way of gaining consent. By openly talking to the individuals in your care and being honest with them they are more likely to trust you. 3.4 Explain what steps to take if consent cannot be established. If consent cannot be established then you have a legal requirement to act in the best interest of the individual, to work towards solving conflict, with the use of extra support of advocates if necessary and where need to contact the person with whom has legal responsibility. All this must be recorded. Outcome 4 Understand how to encourage active participation. 4.1 Define what is meant by active participation. Active participation is an approach that recognizes all individuals rights and needs to participate in activities and relationships of everyday life as independently as possible, making sure the individual is actively part of their own care or support rather then a passive recipient. 4.2 Describe how active participation benefits an individual. Active participation empowers and encourages and individual to participate in their own care, it gives them the chance to be included in their care and have a greater say in how they live their lives. Active participation has many positive benefits such as: Physical benefits including greater activity levels. Increased independence and autonomy in what people do. An opportunity for individuals in health and social care settings to have a say in matters of direct concern to their lives. Increased opportunities for social contact and interpersonal relationships. Encouraging involvement and self-awareness. Enhanced well-being, with increases in self-confidence, self-esteem and self-belief. Active participation enhance an individual and helps to strengthening them physically, psychologically and their all over well-being. 4.3 Describe ways of reducing barriers to active participation. There are many ways of reducing barriers to active participation, organising and providing opportunity’s for involvement in social activities, Treating all individuals equally whilst still recognizing that everyone has differences and everyone is unique, A main way of reducing barriers is to introduce different ways of communication, such as Makaton, Sign language, Braille and also just by talking nice a clear and taking the time to listen to the individual in your care. 4.4 Describe ways of encouraging active participation. To encourage active participation you first should explain the benefits of participation and how it will motivate, encourage and support an individual. We can also involve family and friends to make experiences more meaningful and to be able to discuss with family and friends that activities cater to the needs and ability’s of an individual. Encouraging active participation is all about making that individual under your care feel good about themselves through, praise, compliments, patience and constructive feedback. Its all about making that individual feel comfortable, helping them feel as if their home, helping to improve their fitness, and helping to develop their social skills. Outcome 5 Understand how to support an individuals right to make choices. 5.1 Identify ways of supporting an individual to make informed choices. Informed choice is a voluntary, well-considered decision that an individual  makes on the basis of options, information, and understanding. To offer informed choices in a care setting staff need to empower their clients offer them up-to-date information and knowledge encourage independence 5.2 Explain why risk taking can be part of an individuals choices. We all take risks in life, its a way we grow and learn about ourselves and our limitations. Taking risks can empower us and teach us consequences, it is part of an individuals choice to take risks as long as those risks do not hurt others. To take a risk is an individuals choice the decision they make will result in some sort of consequence, negative or positive but it is down to the individual to make that choice. If the individual has the mental capacity to make an informed choice then they should be allowed to explore those risks. A person centred approach seeks to focus on people’s rights to have the lifestyle that they chose, including the right to make ‘bad’ decisions. You have to try and use person centred thinking tools, to help people and those who care about them most to think in a positive and productive way about how to ensure that they can achieve the changes they want to see while keeping the issue of risk in its place. 5.3 Explain how agreed risk assessment processes are used to support the right to make choices. Each individual in adult care should have a formal risk assessment carried out as part of their care plan. Risk assessments should contain information about the individual and the type of care and support they need. It will provide the most appropriate options for keeping the individual and anyone else involved as safe as possible. It will also tell you how to do some tasks where these tasks have been risk assessed and the best option has been established. Using a person-centred approach helps professionals involved in assessing risk to address significant issues of health and safety whilst supporting choice by also taking into account things that are important to people. A person centred approach can be one of the best ways to: Consider taking a particular risk or risks Establish and improve capacity to make decisions Make a best interest decision 5.4 Explain why a workers personal views should not influence an individuals choices. Every person in the world has the right to make his or her own decisions as long as it doesn’t involve another individual getting hurt. When an individual in your care makes a decision which you feel is risky, you need to make the individual aware of any consequences of their decision, however you mustn’t try to influence them with you own views, thoughts and feeling. The choice is the individuals not yours, they need to make their own decisions in order to feel in control of their lives, this leads to positive thinking, motivation, and positive feelings towards, dignity, pride and satisfaction. 5.5 Describe how to support an individual to question or challenge decisions concerning them that are made by others. Family and friends sometimes make decisions on behalf of an individual in care, these decision can be about the type of care or support they are receiving or the life style they are leading, but these decisions are not always discussed with the individual in question, and they may no be happy or comfortable with the outcome. It is essential that you obtain and understand the facts and reason these decisions were made so you make sure the individual has a clear understanding. If the individual remains sure that he/she is not happy with the decision, once he/she has this information, you can work with the individual to support them to challenge the decision. Any changes that are made to these decisions must be noted and reported and they must be made safe for yourself, the individual and anyone else involved. You should never make changes to a care plan or anything smiler without the proper training or discussing it first with you supervisor or line manager. 6.1 Explain how individual identity and self esteem are linked with well being Everyone has the right to identify themselves however they want, everyone has there own thoughts and beliefs and they shouldn’t be made to feel bad or have there self esteem lowered because someone doesn’t believe or think the same ways as someone else. Maintaining someone’s identity is done by always recognising that person as an individual, recognising that everyone has there own thoughts, feelings, beliefs, wishes and views and that makes them unique. You must always try to deal with views and choices of another person in a positive and caring manner, all this will contribute to their sense of well-being. 6.2 Describe attitudes and approaches that are likely to promote an individuals well-being. By always ensuring that the individual is treated in a professional, kind, caring and courteous way, their sense of well-being is always assured. Care workers can also make sure that they use a number of different approaches empowering approaches that enable the individual to take control, a positive approach that encourages the individual to feel good, working in a trusting and professional way enables a good relationship to build between the care worker and individual promoting a sense of well-being. 6.3 Identify ways to contribute to an environment that promotes well-being. There are many ways to contribute to an environment that promotes well-being, the individual in your care needs to feel safe, secure and at home in a welcoming environment that makes them feel comfortable, the best way to do this is for the individual to have their personal belongings around them, things that matter and make them feel good; Photos, Ornaments, Books, Pieces of furniture An environment that is easy for them to get around in, that is adapted for their needs/abilities, set out in a way of their choosing e.g their bedroom is personal to them, furniture placed in the way they have chosen, they’re decision on how it’s laid out, their decision on how it is decorated, it is their home and it should be made to feel welcoming, open and comfortable. Adult social care settings Essay Outcome 1 1.1 People communicate to understand their needs, to have a conversation, to express feelings, needs, to build relationships and trust. They communicate to share information and opinions, to ask questions and get answers. 1.2 Communication between staff effects service provision, understanding each other, team work and dignity in care. If communication is not effective, it can affect again residents-we can do harm to them, it can affect their health and well-being. Communication with staff is essential for passing information from one person to another. Information can be passed from carer worker to carer worker via verbal communication or written documents from care plans and daily reports, to fire books. Written communication has to be effective as it provides an on-going picture of a certain person, situation. Effective communication between staff is essential for care to be professional. Without effective communication care needs of the clients may go unnoticed leading to medical problems, abuse, depression etc. Communication with residents is most important in care job. That’s the way how you can easier understand they needs, requirements. It can affect service that carer provide to reside nts-more effective communication, better service to residents; with effective communication carer is building trust between residents and staff that helps in future work with them. 1.3 The care worker should always observe an individual’s reactions to see whether person fully understands what you have said to them. If the resident for example looks confused then the carer must then adapt their communication and ask again the question or other. In this way communication will be effective. It is also important to observe an individual’s reactions so as to spot anything that may be worrying them or upsetting them; the carer must to change their approach – this may be noticed through the resident change in facial expression or body language. If resident cannot verbalise what they want or prefer, then observing their reactions staff can make a decision about resident needs. Outcome 2 2.1 It makes more effective communication, more understand what other person trying to say. More understand they culture, religious believes. To be involved in their daily life. To avoid the individual feeling excluded, becoming distressed, frustrated or frightened. 2.2 Is verbal and non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication is all without making noises, sounds. It can be writing, showing pictures with food choice, walk in park, toilette need. Can be even facial expressions, eye contact, body language, gestures or touch to get attention, physical gestures, behaviour. Verbal communication is vocabulary and tone in what person like to talk, involved in conversation. Outcome 3 3.1 Communication barriers can be place where person is, people around, noisy environment, values, culture, beliefs, his wishes and needs. Reason can be even lighting, how close you stand to that person or language barrier. 3.2 Communication barriers can reduce if you take the person to another room. Can try to turn lower music volume on television or radio. Try to talk with person in more private place, ask about his needs. Another way how we can reduce the impact of this barrier is by using a translator when you or resident do not understand what you both are saying because of a language barrier. Finally this would work because by using a translator you will not be offending people who speak a different language. Communication barrier can be because of different cultures and they include different cultures using different words or signs which may not be accepted in other cultures. One example of a mechanism which can be used to reduce the impact of this barrier to communication is by respecting other people’s beliefs and social habits. 3.3 To be sure that person understand me I can see it by his facial expressions, body language or his action on what I said. Ask if the person understand me, rephrasing. Some person need more time for get right answer or you should repeat a question, sentence. 3.4 It can be more enable: Colleague – staff member who knows resident issues, needs, wishes, more  about his culture, values, beliefs. Speech therapist – can tell who has had a stroke. GP – is person who know more about resident general health problems, how staff can make that person more relax and comfortable. Family – can tell more about carrier person daily life, person food choice, needs. Psychotherapist – can advise on exercise for people at all stages of dementia. They can also give advice carers on safe ways of helping someone to move. Dentist – can be used if the individual has dentures which are to loose and move when speaking. Outcome 4 4.1 Confidentiality means keeping residents information private and safe and passing information to only those who have rights to it. Confidentiality means also not passing information outside care house, keeping information safe and private. 4.2 Confidentiality you can maintain with not passing information outside of work or to other resident visitors. Be professional and don’t talk about residents in public places when you have a meal with work colleagues or in public transport on a way home. Don’t leave a written personal records lying around. You need to put them in safe place, where access is just for staff members. Health records are confidential. They should be shared only on a need-to-know basis. Carrier can give access to resident relevant information to those who have rights to know it. 4.3 Can share confidential information when the person is being placed in danger, harmed or abused. You can share information with other staff members in situation if for example resident is telling you he feels in danger of other resident or staff member and ask you not to tell anyone. It is situation where you need to explain person that you can’t keep information, because you want him to be in safety and need to help him by acting straight away. Can share when a criminal act has taken place. However, even, where it is clearly beneficial to share information for direct care, rules about confidentiality and privacy still apply. That means that only those who have a clear need to know should have access to the relevant confidential information. 4.4 Can seek advice about confidentiality if speaking with manager or with the organisation’s confidentiality policy. If someone is calling by phone and asking some information about any of residents and you are not sure who it is you can always ask him to speak with manager or just  take persons phone number and tell him that manager will call him back. The Data Protection Act is a law that applies to all social services and health records. It means that any information about resident should be kept accurately and securely, and there should be measures restricting who can see it. There are circumstances when an authority may have the right to break the rules about confidentiality. This is normally in extreme situations.

My Dream Job Essay

Art is for anybody. I want to be an art teacher because I believe that I can influence children to create their own piece of amazing art work. When I was in pre-school, I had this amazing teacher who inspired me to do anything I wanted to. Her name is Ms. Linda and she inspired me to become an art teacher when I am older. Now don’t get me wrong, I have had plenty other amazing teachers, but I think she was the one who told me to fly. In conjunction with this, being a very creative person I can create beautiful art and as a teacher I would love to be involved in challenging and inspiring new ideas in children; making them aware of their own thoughts or feelings. I have finally decided that my dream job is to become a pre-k or kindergarten art teacher because I love to work with kids and creativity is my sixth sense. Being an art teacher does not only sound like fun, I can actually see myself doing a mural on a school wall somewhere in the future. As an art teacher, I would have to be filled with ideas on how to make everyday things seem awesome and inspirational. To start my dream job, I already know I have to get some kind of degree in childhood education. I am currently taking high school, so when I finish in four years I will be most likely going to college. Working as an art teacher, I would be understanding the social, economic, and cultural factors that influence any project I do in class. Students will have to understand the true meaning of one of the works of art that is presented in class, but given that fact that my pupils will be so young, I think the art will be taught more on symbolism. The average salary amount for an art teacher is $11 dollars an hour, more or less depending on how much education you have had. Communicating well is obviously a good characteristic in being a teacher, to students and to teachers as well. Becoming an art teacher will require a 4 year collage degree, or bachelor’s degree in public school teaching. She may work in a private school setting or for the local public school. Preschool teachers may work with children in a one-on-one basis or with an entire class. They may work full-time or part-time depending on the school’s schedule and her own desires. It is also very helpful to learn a foreign language. Children in many districts, especially in California, may know English as a second language. They may not have any fluency at all in English. Knowledge of another language will give you a step up in the hiring process, and may be proven useful for when parents are the ones who don’t understand English. This will also help enhance the ability to communicate with young students. The process on becoming a pre k or kindergartner art teacher is process not many steps long but requires lots of training and preparing. Working with kids is great, working with kids on a daily bases crating magnificent pieces of art is probably the best for me.

The Sudetenland Essays - Munich Agreement, Sudetenland, Partition

The Sudetenland Essays - Munich Agreement, Sudetenland, Partition The Sudetenland History The Sudetenland On January 30, 1933, the Nazis acquired mastery of Germany when Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor. That evening Hitler stood triumphantly in the window of the Reich Chancellery waving to thousands of storm troopers who staged parades throughout the streets of Berlin. The Nazis proclaimed that their Third Reich would be the greatest civilization in history and would last for thousands of years. But the meteoric rise of Hitler and national socialism was followed by an almost equally rapid defeat; the Third Reich survived for a mere twelve years. But one of the main causes of World War II was Hitlers public justification for the dismemberment of the Czech state through either war or diplomacy was the plight of the 3.5 million ethnic Germans the Treaty of Versailles had left inside Czechoslovakia. The main land that Hitler wanted to annex to Germany was that of the Sudetenland, where most of the people living there were of German origin. The land also bordered Germany to the South East, and Germany was prepared to conquer this land at all cost. "And now before us stands the last problem that must be solved and will be solved It (the Sudetenland) is the last territorial claim which I have to make in Europe, but it is the claim from which I will not recede" - Adolf Hitler, in a speech in Berlin, September 26 1938, just prior to the Munich conference. Most of the German minorities live in Sudetenland, an economically valuable and strategically important area along the Czech border with Germany and Austria. The grievances of the Sudeten Germans against the Czech state had led to the rise of a strong German nationalist movement in the Sudetenland. By the mid -1930s, this movement had the support of almost 70 percent of the Sudeten German population. Their leader, the pro-Nazi Konrad Heinlen, began demanding autonomy for this region Both the real and contrived problems of the Sudeten Germans added credibility to Hitlers charge that they were denied the right of self-determination and lived as an oppressed minority, which he was obligated to defend In the spring of 1938, Heinlein was directed by Hitler to make demands that the Czechs could not accept, thereby giving Germany a reason to intervene. The Czech situation soon turned into an international crisis that dominated the European scene for the rest of that current year. The weekend which began on Friday, May 20, 1938, developed into a critical one and would later be remembered as the "May crisis." During the ensuing forty-eight hours, the Governments in London, Paris, Prague and Moscow were panicked into the belief that Europe stood nearer to war than it had at any time since the summer of 1914. This may have been largely due to the possibility that new plans for a German attack on Czechoslovakia called "Case Green" which were drawn up for him, got leaked out. Hitler had begun to prepare an attack on the Sudetenland. The target date was the beginning of October. He was prepared to employ an army of ninety-six divisions. The Czechoslovak Government, aware of Hitlers intentions but uncertain when the blow would fall, ordered a partial mobilization on May 21. Hitler was outraged, explaining to his generals that he had offered no threat and was being treated with contempt. He had been humiliated, and no one yet humiliated him with impunity. His rage against Czechoslovakia increased, and on May 30 he issued a secret directive to his high command: "It is my unalterable decision to smash Czechoslovakia by military action in the near future." All through the summer Britain, France and the Soviet Union were aware that Hitler planned to strike at the Sudetenland and perhaps the whole of Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovaks had an excellent intelligence system with Germany and knew from day to day what Hitler was planning. Germany also had an excellent intelligence system, and in addition it had in Konrad Henlein, the National Socialist leader in the Sudetenland, a man who would stop at nothing to produce an insurrection or an act of deliberate provocation against the Czechoslovak Government. The German newspapers were filled with accounts of mass arrests of innocent men and women in the Sudetenland, and there were the inevitable circumstantial stories "by our correspondent." Nonexistent people in nonexistent villages were being slaughtered. The Czechoslovak Government attempted to refute some of these stories but gave up in despair. Hitler ordered a massive propaganda barrage against Czechoslovakia to prepare the German people for the October invasion. On September 12th at Nuremberg, Hitler went as close

Shakespeares Plays Sorted by Tragedy, Comedy, History

Shakespeares Plays Sorted by Tragedy, Comedy, History It is not always easy to categorically say whether a William Shakespeare play is a tragedy, comedy, or history, because Shakespeare blurred the boundaries between these genres, especially as his work developed more complexity in themes and character development. But those are the categories into which the First Folio (the first collection of his works, published in 1623; he died in 1616) was divided, and thus, they are useful to start the discussion. The plays can be generally classified into these three broad categories based on whether the main character dies or is bequeathed a happy ending and whether Shakespeare was writing about a real person.   This list identifies which plays are generally associated with which genre, but the classification of some plays is open to interpretation and debate and changes over time. Shakespeare’s Tragedies In Shakespeares tragedies, the main protagonist has a flaw that leads to his (and/or her) downfall. There are both internal and external struggles and often a bit of the supernatural thrown in for good measure (and tension). Often there are passages or characters that have the job of lightening the mood (comic relief), but the overall tone of the piece is quite serious. The 10 Shakespeare plays generally classified as tragedy are as follows: Antony and CleopatraCoriolanusHamletJulius CaesarKing LearMacbethOthelloRomeo and JulietTimon of AthensTitus Andronicus Shakespeare’s Comedies Shakespeares comedies are sometimes further subdivided into a group called romances, tragicomedies, or problem plays, which are the dramas that have elements of humor, tragedy, and complex plots.  For example, Much Ado About Nothing begins like a comedy  but soon descends into tragedy- leading some critics to describe the play as a tragicomedy. Others debated or cited as tragicomedies include The Winters Tale, Cymbeline, The Tempest, and The Merchant of Venice.   Four of his plays are often called his late romances, and they include: Pericles, The Winter’s Tale, and The Tempest. Problem plays are so-called because of their tragicomic elements and moral issues, and they dont end perfectly tied up, such as Alls Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure and Troilus and Cressida. Regardless of all that debate, the 18 plays generally classified as comedy are as follows: Alls Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of ErrorsCymbelineLoves Labour’s LostMeasure for MeasureThe Merry Wives of WindsorThe Merchant of VeniceA Midsummer Nights Dream Much Ado About NothingPericles, Prince of TyreThe Taming of the ShrewThe Tempest Troilus and CressidaTwelfth NightTwo Gentlemen of VeronaThe Two Noble KinsmenThe Winters Tale Shakespeare’s Histories Sure, the history plays are all about real figures, but it can also be argued that  with the downfall portrayed of the kings in Richard II and Richard III, those history plays could also be classified as tragedies, as they were billed back in Shakespeares day. They would easily be called tragedy plays were the main character of each fictional. The 10 plays generally classified as history plays are as follows: Henry IV, Part IHenry IV, Part II​Henry VHenry VI, Part IHenry VI, Part IIHenry VI, Part III​Henry VIIIKing JohnRichard IIRichard III

The Sewing Machine and the Textile Revolution

The Sewing Machine and the Textile Revolution Before the invention of the sewing machine, most sewing was done by individuals in their homes. However, many people offered services as tailors or seamstresses in small shops where wages were very low. Thomas Hoods ballad The Song of the Shirt, published in 1843, depicts the hardships of the English seamstress: With fingers weary and worn, With eyelids heavy and red, A woman sat in unwomanly rags, Plying her needle and thread. Elias Howe In Cambridge, Massachusetts, one inventor was struggling to put into metal an idea to lighten the toil of those who lived by the needle. Elias Howe was born in Massachusett in 1819. His father was an unsuccessful farmer, who also had some small mills, but seems to have succeeded in nothing he undertook. Howe led the typical life of a New England country boy, going to school in winter and working about the farm until the age of sixteen, handling tools every day. Hearing of the high wages and interesting work in Lowell, a growing town on the Merrimac River, he went there in 1835 and found employment; but two years later, he left Lowell and went to work in a machine shop in Cambridge. Elias Howe then moved to Boston, and worked in the machine shop of Ari Davis, an eccentric maker and repairer of fine machinery. This is where Elias Howe, as a young mechanic, first heard of sewing machines and began to puzzle over the problem. First Sewing Machines Before Elias Howes time, many inventors had attempted to make sewing machines and some had just fallen short of success. Thomas Saint, an Englishman, had patented one fifty years earlier. About this very time, a Frenchman named Thimonnier was working eighty sewing machines to make army uniforms, when the tailors of Paris, fearing that the bread was to be taken from them, broke into his workroom and destroyed the machines. Thimonnier tried again, but his machine never came into general use. Several patents had been issued on sewing machines in the United States, but without any practical result. An inventor named Walter Hunt had discovered the principle of the lock-stitch and had built a machine, but he abandoned his invention just as success was in sight, believing it would cause unemployment. Elias Howe probaly knew nothing of any of these inventors. There is no evidence that he had ever seen the work of another. Elias Howe Begins Inventing The idea of a mechanical sewing machine obsessed Elias Howe. However, Howe was married and had children, and his wages were only nine dollars a week. Howe found support from an old schoolmate, George Fisher, who agreed to support Howes family and furnish him with five hundred dollars for materials and tools. The attic in Fishers house in Cambridge was converted into a workroom for Howe. Howes first efforts were failures, until the idea of the lock stitch came to him. Previously all sewing machines (except Walter Hunts) had used the chain stitch, which wasted thread and easily unraveled. The two threads of the lock stitch cross, and the lines of stitches show the same on both sides. The chain stitch is a crochet or knitting stitch, while the lock stitch is a weaving stitch. Elias Howe had been working at night and was on his way home, gloomy and despondent, when this idea dawned on his mind, probably rising out of his experience in the cotton mill. The shuttle would be driven back and forth as in a loom, as he had seen it thousands of times, and passed through a loop of thread which the curved needle would throw out on the other side of the cloth. The cloth would be fastened to the machine vertically by pins. A curved arm would ply the needle with the motion of a pick-axe. A handle attached to the fly-wheel would furnish the power. Commercial Failure Elias Howe made a machine which, crude as it was, sewed more rapidly than five of the swiftest needle workers. But his machine was too expensive, it could sew only a straight seam, and it easily got out of order. The needle workers were opposed, as they have generally been, to any sort of labor-saving machinery that might cost them their jobs, and there was no clothing manufacturer willing to buy even one machine at the price Howe asked- three hundred dollars. Elias Howes 1846 Patent Elias Howes second sewing machine design was an improvement on his first. It was more compact and ran more smoothly. George Fisher took Elias Howe and his prototype to the patent office in Washington, paying all the expenses, and a patent was issued to the inventor in September 1846. The second machine also failed to find buyers. George Fisher had invested about two thousand dollars, and he could not, or would not, invest more. Elias Howe returned temporarily to his fathers farm to wait for better times. Meanwhile, Elias Howe sent one of his brothers to London with a sewing machine to see if any sales could be found there, and in due time an encouraging report came to the destitute inventor. A corsetmaker named Thomas had paid two hundred and fifty pounds for the English rights and had promised to pay a royalty of three pounds on each machine sold. Moreover, Thomas invited the inventor to London to construct a machine especially for making corsets. Elias Howe went to London and later sent for his family. But after working eight months on small wages, he was as badly off as ever, for, though he had produced the desired machine, he quarrelled with Thomas, and their relations came to an end. An acquaintance, Charles Inglis, advanced Elias Howe a little money while he worked on another model. This enabled Elias Howe to send his family home to America, and then, by selling his last model and pawning his patent rights, he raised enough money to take passage himself in the steerage in 1848, accompanied by Inglis, who came to try his fortune in the United States. Elias Howe landed in New York with a few cents in his pocket and immediately found work. But his wife was dying from the hardships she had suffered due to stark poverty. At her funeral, Elias Howe wore borrowed clothes, for his only suit was the one he wore in the shop. After his wife died, Elias Howes invention came into its own. Other sewing machines were being made and sold and those machines were using the principles covered by Elias Howes patent. Businessman George Bliss a man of means, had bought out George Fishers interest and proceeded to prosecute  the patent infringers. Meanwhile Elias Howe went on making machines. He produced 14 in New York during the 1850s and never lost an opportunity to show the merits of the invention, which was being advertised and brought to notice by the activities of some of the infringers, particularly by Isaac Singer, the best businessman of them all. Isaac Singer had joined forces with  Walter Hunt. Hunt had tried to patent the machine which he had abandoned nearly twenty years before. The suits dragged on until 1854, when the case was decisively settled in Elias Howes favor. His patent was declared basic, and all the makers of sewing machines must pay him a royalty of 25 dollars on every machine. So Elias Howe woke one morning to find himself enjoying a large income, which in time rose as high as four thousand dollars a week, and he died in 1867 a rich man. Improvements to the Sewing Machine Though the basic nature of Elias Howes patent was recognized, his sewing machine was only a rough beginning. Improvements followed, one after another, until the sewing machine bore little resemblance to Elias Howes original. John Bachelder introduced the horizontal table upon which to lay the work. Through an opening in the table, tiny spikes in an endless belt projected and pushed the work forward continuously. Allan B. Wilson devised a rotary hook carrying a bobbin to do the work of the shuttle. He also invented the small serrated bar which pops up through the table near the needle, moves forward a tiny space (carrying the cloth with it), drops down just below the upper surface of the table, and returns to its starting point- repeating over and over again this series of motions. This simple device brought its owner a fortune. Isaac Singer, destined to be the dominant figure of the industry, patented in 1851 a machine stronger than any of the others and with several valuable features, notably the vertical presser foot held down by a spring. Singer was the first to adopt the treadle, leaving both hands of the operator free to manage the work. His machine was good, but, rather than its surpassing merits, it was his wonderful business ability that made the name of Singer a household word. Competion Among Sewing Machine Manufacturers By 1856 there were several manufacturers in the field threatening war on each other. All men were paying tribute to Elias Howe, for his patent was basic, and all could join in fighting him. But there were several other devices almost equally fundamental, and even if Howes patents had been declared void, it is probable that his competitors would have fought quite as fiercely among themselves. At the suggestion of George Gifford, a New York attorney, the leading inventors and manufacturers agreed to pool their inventions and to establish a fixed license fee for the use of each. This combination was composed of Elias Howe, Wheeler and Wilson, Grover and Baker, and Isaac Singer, and dominated the field until after 1877, when the majority of the basic patents expired. The members manufactured sewing machines and sold them in America and Europe. Isaac Singer introduced the installment plan of sale, to bring the machine within reach of the poor. The sewing machine agent, with a machine or two on his wagon, drove through every small town and country district, demonstrating and selling. Meanwhile, the price of the machines steadily fell, until it seemed that Isaac Singers slogan, A machine in every home! was in a fair way to be realized, had not another development of the sewing machine intervened.

Political socialization is a very important process that creates and Essay

Political socialization is a very important process that creates and conveys the political culture of a society. Examine one of - Essay Example The primary source of that information comes from the media. While the media in most western countries runs independently from government regulation within boundaries, it increasingly seems that they are not communicating all sides of any given story. When it comes to politics, the media becomes critical. Messages and information are disseminated through various media outlets including the television, Internet, and newspapers. Consumers, or private citizens, depend on this information since it allows them to formulate important decisions about who they feel should best govern the nation. As such, in recent years it appears that media has been more and more important to the political landscape of a country. They can shape policy and see to it that certain people are elected to office. It is indeed a big task, and media companies need to realize their responsibility to balanced and fair reporting of all of the facts, not just those that they feel will shape the course of the country in the direction they want to head. The media should provide reliable information, faithful reporting, and neutral guidance through the television, Internet, and newspapers because it is important that they convey positive information and do not misguide or leave out important information that the population needs to hear. The Influence of Television Since the days of black and white television, the media has had a profound impact on the political life in society. Television was the format where politicians were able to speak to the country. In fact, it was back in 1960 that America had its first Presidential debate between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon. Millions of people tuned in to hear what each candidate had to say. The impact should be obvious. In countries as populated at the United States, or as spread out geographically as Canada, people running for political office depend on the television to get their message out to the masses quickly. In addition, political parties and action groups depend on television advertising to point out their particular policies and why they feel the public should support their agenda. Another way that television impacts the political socialization of a country is through the actual political news that they choose to report and the spin that they put on certain topics. All three of these aspects combine to dictate the shape of politics, to a large degree, throughout much of the world. Let us analyze that first presidential debate. Many considered Richard Nixon a near certainty to win the election, but Kennedy dominated the series of debates broadcast on television. In addition, his campaign instituted a series of catchy jingles that caught the nation’s attention from coast to coast. Television enabled the charisma that was Kennedy to be displayed to the entire nation, rather then simply being delegated to a series of political rallies in select locations. At the same time, Nixon could not do the same. Television di d not display him well, he underperformed in the debates, and his campaign never seemed to generate the same media attention that Kennedy’s did. In this manner, the media, in the form of television, almost single handedly delivered the election to Kennedy. He did not win a landslide victory, to be certain, but the amount of victory can largely be attributed to the influence of television (Mayer, 2007, p. 32). It is not only individual

Critically analyse, examine and evaluate the key issues involved in Essay

Critically analyse, examine and evaluate the key issues involved in the process of development and implementation of coherent international marketing strategy N - Essay Example There have been large initiatives, like the IT thrust by introducing supply chain management to ensure regular deliveries, to introducing new strategies like focusing on the new found power and wealth of women in sports. For the past 30 years the marketing strategy was dependant on the make to sell model. Products were made in anticipation of sales and cross fingers became a habit as the mysteries of the unknown were omnipresent. Every manufacturer likes to evolve into make to order market. That is a segment that spells stability and a certain level of recognition in the market. It becomes more pronounced when the market is global, across geographies and cultures. Nike too had this vision. They wanted to cross frontiers with a common approach. It was like wanting a clan, not just a family, which followed common principles, yet had identity of its own respecting their environment and circumstances, but adhering to the common fundamental principle. It was a huge call and needed people to understand the conglomerate of which they were a part. It required a merger of thought, not just action, and the very vision became their clarion call, Just do it. Before a company decides to go â€Å"global,† it must first show â€Å"an ability to appreciate the degree of globalization that exists in a given industry, or sector, and to provide the required strategic response. †Jeannet, Jean-Pierre,3 Centralization is the basic format of Nike’s plan. Not only product designing, but the contracting out of manufacturing at different factories and delivery schedules are all carried out at the Head Office. In response to highly chaotic running shoes market in 1975 a plan named Futures Program was developed.4 The intention was to force the Retailers to order nine months in advance by placing non-cancellable orders. This assured cash upfront for the company as well as predictability

You can decide the topic whatever you want by those requirements I Essay - 6

You can decide the topic whatever you want by those requirements I posted - Essay Example The setting is desolate apart from a single person in the picture who contributes to the strangeness of the place. The person in white in the picture looks on and has no prejudged expression. It is unwelcoming for anyone to be represented in that manner (Harding 1). The human figure seems to reveal more than the empty feeling probably that the place is not meant for the public. On the other hand, yellow color is a celebratory affiliated color and could be used to mean a place to feel free and merry. From the stillness of the objects and person on the image begets the entire notion and drives the thinking of â€Å"what went wrong†. At night people like to get together before, they retire to their home that is evidently not the case in the painting. The artist was questioning the situation and sent out a clear message (Harding 1). The worst illustration the image brings forth is from the colorations on the table. The image uses a green billiard table that made use of a darker black color. The combination of black and green in itself is a scary affair, leave alone making it thick black and a shimmering green. When one puts into perspective the color mix and expressions in the film, nobody wants to be there because this is not a welcoming place (Harding 1). A stark black in the mix with a white colored clock cannot be missed from the background, and one can clearly discern the time that is a quarter after the midnight mark. To crown the encounter the image terribly expresses human passion by putting together red and the green color. Van uses the yellow wall to give on to blood red wall inclined and raised up to the ceiling that is painted with an obtrusive green (Harding 1). The hanging light bright in sulphuric yellow spreading it all across the room and surrounded by the Vincent’s wheel hunch over in the image in the late-night

Southwest Airlines Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Southwest Airlines - Case Study Example The challenges are: recession, intense competition, intensified airline regulations, uncertain weather conditions in new markets, and labor demands. The recommendations are: determine a succession plan, expand slowly to underserved markets, and strengthen the culture committee. Southwest Airlines is an example of a low-fare/no-frills airline with a point-to-point service strategy. It focuses on the southwest region of the U.S., where weather is more stable and delays are less frequent. The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 intensified competition because of the absence of government regulation in setting fares, allocating routes, and controlling entry and exit points. Instead of encouraging truly free competition, the Act benefitted large carriers who â€Å"cherry-picked† lucrative routes (Ginsberg & Freedman, p.260). A Porter’s 5-forces analysis reveals that the airline industry has intensive rivalry, high supplier power, low substitute, high buyer power, and high threat of new entrants. The strengths of Southwest are its good safety reputation, efficient services, low costs, strong corporate culture, strong customer and employee focus, and strong leadership. The weaknesses of the company are lower load factor, relatively low employee product ivity, slow expansion rate, dependence on the charismatic leadership of Kelleher, and reliance on passenger revenues. The opportunities are booming U.S. airlines industry, positive expansion in the US airfreight industry, underserved markets, increasing technology efficiency, and sympathetic business passengers. The challenges are recession, intense competition, intensified airline regulations, consolidation, uncertain weather conditions in new markets, and labor demands. The main problems of Southwest are: 1) it lacks succession planning; 2) it has a slow market expansion rate, because of its limited point-to-point service strategy; and 3) if Southwest changes its service

Strategic Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Strategic Management - Case Study Example In 2010, Google was considered as the leader of technology that aimed at providing information to the people from any part of the world and the Google maps helped the customers to find directions as per their requirements (Hamilton & Nickerson, 2003). Economic: Google had to spend a lot of money in order to set up its business. The company has hired efficient managers to control the various teams and handle different projects of the company. The managers and the employees are to be paid high salary in order to encourage them to perform well (Elms, 2010). Hence, the financial accounts of the company have to be handled efficiently with proper allocation of the company’s grants for various projects. Further, the company has to use cost-efficient techniques to serve large number of customers. Politics: The impact of the political environment would be beneficial as well as harmful for the company. However, the political environment did not pose any threat to the launch of Google as it is an online search engine that is expected to provide valuable information to the nation. Also, it plays a key role in communication among people from different parts of the globe (Elms, 2010). Socio-cultural: Google acted as a medium for the advertisers who would prefer to promote social events through its online services. Further, commercial e-mails could be sent by various companies who would like to attract target customers to purchase their newly launched products (Barney, 2002). Technology: Google played a key role in bringing technological innovation to the economy by developing online information system. The customers can obtain information regarding any aspect using the Google search engine. The companies can maintain their online databases using Google spreadsheets and thus deal with huge amount of data (Elms, 2010). Legal: Google had to face some legal

Southwest Airlines Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Southwest Airlines - Case Study Example The challenges are: recession, intense competition, intensified airline regulations, uncertain weather conditions in new markets, and labor demands. The recommendations are: determine a succession plan, expand slowly to underserved markets, and strengthen the culture committee. Southwest Airlines is an example of a low-fare/no-frills airline with a point-to-point service strategy. It focuses on the southwest region of the U.S., where weather is more stable and delays are less frequent. The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 intensified competition because of the absence of government regulation in setting fares, allocating routes, and controlling entry and exit points. Instead of encouraging truly free competition, the Act benefitted large carriers who â€Å"cherry-picked† lucrative routes (Ginsberg & Freedman, p.260). A Porter’s 5-forces analysis reveals that the airline industry has intensive rivalry, high supplier power, low substitute, high buyer power, and high threat of new entrants. The strengths of Southwest are its good safety reputation, efficient services, low costs, strong corporate culture, strong customer and employee focus, and strong leadership. The weaknesses of the company are lower load factor, relatively low employee product ivity, slow expansion rate, dependence on the charismatic leadership of Kelleher, and reliance on passenger revenues. The opportunities are booming U.S. airlines industry, positive expansion in the US airfreight industry, underserved markets, increasing technology efficiency, and sympathetic business passengers. The challenges are recession, intense competition, intensified airline regulations, consolidation, uncertain weather conditions in new markets, and labor demands. The main problems of Southwest are: 1) it lacks succession planning; 2) it has a slow market expansion rate, because of its limited point-to-point service strategy; and 3) if Southwest changes its service

Subtle Issues in Revenue Recognition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Subtle Issues in Revenue Recognition - Essay Example This is not to say that management should ignore social responsibility such as protecting consumers, paying fair wages, maintaining fair hiring practices and safe working conditions, supporting education and becoming actively involved in environmental issues. Stakeholders other than stockholders can no longer be enrolled. These stakeholders include creditors, employees, customers, suppliers, communities in which a company operates and others. The impact of decisions must be recognized. The Enron controversy resulted to different political and economic changes which affected both government and private agencies. Enron has developed into becoming a part of America’s top ten companies in the span of nearly two decades. Their sudden rise to power seemed impossible to many industries in the financial world. However, the scam which brought upon Enron success was discovered. Deception was the name of the game for Enron. They concealed their controversial and suspicious dealings and transaction with their growing debt so that they appear debt-free and admirable to stockholders and the public. At last, every lie and cover up was made known to many when the company suddenly and unexpectedly filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy. That was their last resort. Not even company partnerships and affiliations could save the money and the glory of Enron. When the news of bankruptcy of Enron was revealed, the reasons behind Enron’s downfall remained unclear and uncertain. There were mixed reactions among businessmen, politicians, stockholders, and others. Most of them were enraged while some felt concerned. There were those who were not surprised that the discrepancies with the financial statements could actually happen. It was as if it was the common habit among those who wish to decrease their debt. Questions such as the reason behind the downfall as well as the possible ways and means for preventing bankruptcy rose among the interested public.  

Social historical background Essay Example for Free

Social historical background Essay Religious festivals were celebrated in Athens to pay homage to the God Dionysus, the patron of wine. He brought joy and fun but rage and thoughtlessness too. This is similar to the effects of wine on people; wine makes people either happy or thoughtless. Dionysus died in winter and was reborn in spring. The festival took place for five days in spring to worship the rebirth of Dionysus and grape vines. In the mind of an ancient Greek person, the theatre was a product of Dionysus. Therefore Sophocles, when writing the play, included a scene of thanks to Dionysus which the chorus perform. This would have been interpreted by the Athenians as a noble inclusion and made Sophocles popular. The festival evolved from the rural town of Dionysia. In the large cities dramatic performances took place. The dramatic element developed when competitions called for playwrights to design plays and showcase them at the festivals. Two popular forms of drama materialised from these competitions: Tragedy and comedy. Tragedies aimed to teach religious lessons. Sophocles was a tragic playwright and his play Antigone is an example of this. Comedies were seen as trivial and a waste of time to ancient Greeks. Comedies joked about the gods and intellectuals, albeit in a respectful manner. The theatre in ancient Athens had the ability to teach moral lessons, inform of contemporary issues or amuse. It was a powerful tool and was used by governments/polis to influence peoples opinions and keep their populations up to date with current affairs. For this reason the government encouraged all men to go to the theatre. Those who could not afford to go were even offered free grants. Antigone was aimed at an Athenian audience. The play showed the downfall of man and highlighted how bad Thebes was. Athens was a democracy whilst Thebes was under dictatorship. Men visiting the theatre would see how oppressive the life of a Theban was thus increasing support for democracy. This mattered to the local polis because if the people were against a partys ideas they would not be elected in further terms. Role of Women in Society A woman was meant to be obedient to the ruling man in her life. Once a girl reached thirteen years of age she was negotiable for marriage. Women in Athens were devoid of rights. They could not go out of the house unless it was to see another woman and could not vote or influence the government. Women were not allowed to go to the theatre. The reason women were treated with so much injustice is because they were viewed by men as uncontrollable and wild. However women did play an important part of everyday Athenian life as they ran the house. In some ways men were indebted to women. Although women were generally viewed in this light, the audience of Antigone were ambivialent as to which way they viewed her. Antigone articulates the fears of every Athenian male. She is uncontrollable, untrustworthy. In this way Antigone would have been received negatively in the eyes of an ancient Greek man. However she stands for issues which Athens support such as democracy and the importance of a proper burial. Athenians had deep rooted hate for dictatorship, therefore when Antigone goes against Creon she would have won support for her character. There is ambiguity into which way the audience would have sided, but this was planned. The ambiguity forces the audience to think about the issues and politics of the play. A society at war As Antigone was being created a war was unfolding in the Peloponnese area. This was occurring as a result of a long dispute between the alliances of Sparta and Athens. Thebes was one of Spartas allies, thus was against Athens. Sophocles might use Thebes as the setting of the play as Athenians were against the city thus building more support for the city of Athens. The issue of war was contemporary, therefore the Athenian government would have wished to have it discussed in Athens favour at the amphitheatre. Sophocles and fellow Athenian men would have no doubt been adversely affected by the war. Sophocles might be trying to show that there are undesirable affecs from a war. After all, the incidents did start off when Polynices attacked Athens. Therefore, Sophocles might be trying to show that the war affects not only a nation as a whole but individual circumstances such as families and relationships. In an Athenian audience, Creon might have been viewed negatively given the fact that he was against everything that Athens stood for; Athens was a democracy whilst Thebes was an Oligarchy. An Oligarchy is a government ruled by a few influential members and is the opposite to a democracy. When Creon goes against the rules of the gods, the audience would have interpreted this negatviely. Although he punished Antigone for going against his word, which might have won him support, the crime he is punishing her for is not a crime but an action of respect for the dead. The Influence of the Gods Zeus was the final son of Cronus and Rhea. The other children, upon birth, were swallowed by their father, Cronus, as he was afraid they would overcome him. However, when Zeus was born he was hidden by his mother inside a cave, and Cronus was given a rock, disguised as a baby, to swallow. When Zeus grew up, he ordered his father to regurgitate the stone and his siblings. The male children overcame Cronus and divided up the world. Zeus became the God of Gods for doing what was right, and received the skies and the heavens. Poseidon and Hades received the sea and the underworld respectively. As Zeus was the king of Gods he was worshipped by all. Zeus was revered and respected for if he was not, he was known out of anger to throw bolts of lightning to the ground. Just the mention of going against Zeus would have caused outcry. Antigone shows reverance to Hades, god of the underworld. Hades role was to ensure entry to the underworld occurred rightfully. It was believed when a Greek person died they crossed the river of Acheron, river of life, from the baks of life to the banks of death by boat. In order to traverse the river they had to be given their rites, buried and have a coin under their tongue to pay the boats captain, Charon. This job was carried out by women and is the reason why Antigone feels so passionately about burying her brother. If a person was left unburied or lacked the coin under their mouth, they would roam the banks of life and could not cross to the banks of death. Therefore when Polynices is not buried he is left to roam the lands, so Antigone goes to give him the burial he deserves. The Playwright Sophocles was one of Ancient Greeces greatest playwrights. The reason that Sophocles was such a good playwright is because he had an ability to rebel conventional drama and produce plays that provoke debate. In Antigone, he gives the genuine thoughts and feelings of women in ancient Greece, which must have been difficult seeing as men and women were so detached. Apart from being a playwright, Sophocles was a politician and an Athenian General. He played an active part against the allies of Sparta in the Peloponnesian war and was a hero for Athens. Antigones base is war, the war fought between two brothers, between family members or father and son. As Sophocles had so much experience in war this story would have greatly appealed to him. The Oedipus Curse Oedipus is cursed to wed his mother and kill his father. The curse is a result of Oedipus father raping a young boy. Oedipus fulfills the curse and impregnates his mother with four children. When Oedipus finds out what he has done he blinds himself and his wife/mother commits suicide. Oedipus then abdicates his role as king to his two sons, Etocles and Polynices. Prior to the play, the curse is inherited by the sons as a manifestation of jealousy; both wish to be king but cannot. They decide that every year they will alternate who is monarch. Etocles is first to rule for one year but will not hand over power when Polynices turn arrives. A fight ensues and the brothers kill eachother. An audience, upon learning the characters were descendants of the incestuous Oedipus, would have perceived Antigone and her sister as filthy, cursed individuals. The audience would expect the characters to commit grave and shocking crimes. The audiences expectations come true when Antigone disobeys Creon. However, Creon might have also been expected to fail as he was Oedipus brother. When Sophocles makes the characters do what the audience expect, the audience would have interpreted this as curses never die and are inherited by ones family. The audience would have evoked a response of fear. The Life and Times of a greek citizen Men were either politicians, farmers or fighters whilst women brought up the family and helped religious festivals. This extraneous work and the lack of medicinal resources meant that people had a short life span. Even healthy people could die prematurely by an illness or disease. To combat this citizens ate healthy and exorcised. A meal was simple but full of vitamins, vegetables and oil. The family of an Athenian was very important and was built on love. Therefore, when the Athenian audience saw the fueds in Antigones Theban family, the royal family, they would have been disgusted to think people were being led by such a bad example. Thebes was located inland whilst Athens was located near the sea. This made Athens naval fleet useless when it came to attacking Thebes, whilst Thebes naval fleet caused havoc on Athens. Argos is located south of both Thebes and Athens, near the sea and was a neutral territory. Greek at this time would have been a nation under war. Greeks people would have been proud of their territory yet scared of invasion. Athens, Argos and Thebes were in the Peloponnese area.

Purification of Immunoglobulin G by Ion-Exchange

Purification of Immunoglobulin G by Ion-Exchange Purification of Immunoglobulin G by Ion-Exchange Chromatography and Immunoelectropheresis William McTavish Joseph Zappa Introduction Immunoglobins or, Antibodies, are soluble proteins secreted from host differentiated plasma cells that target and eliminate specific antigens to protect the host from disease (Jakoby, 1971). There are five isotypes of immunoglobulin: IgM, IgD, IgA , IgE and IgG, with IgG being the most prominent antibody found in blood circulation of the host. The purification of specific antibodies has led to the development of techniques such as western blotting; where desired proteins can be targeted by monoclonal antibodies engineered for a specific affinity for that protein( Burnette, 1981). The basis of immunoglobulin purification can begin with a technique of â€Å"salting out†, used vastly for precipitating organic molecules and is the first step in protein purification (Tsutomu and Timasheff, 1984). Immunoglobins are small soluble proteins that can be found within serum that is removed from a blood sample taken from the host. Hydrophillic immunoglobins contain amino acids that are polar or possess an ionic charge. Counter ions in the serum of the host are attracted to these polar and ionic charges making the proteins soluble in the solvent. By destabilizing the intermolecular forces between the immunoglobins and the serum solvent there can be an induced precipitation of these proteins. Ammonium sulfate is a highly used compound in salting out procedures, for when ammonium sulfate dissociates, the large sulfate ions form hydrogen bonds between the polar molecules found in the serum (Tsutomu and Timasheff, 1984). The quenching effect of sulfate removes hydrogen bonds and intermolecular forces away from the protein molecules, forcing them to form bonds between one another. This forced intermolecular bonding between proteins causes an accumulation of aggregated proteins and eventually, at the right concentration of salt, precipitation out of solution (Tsutomu and Timasheff, 1984). Although the precipitation of immunoglobulin from host serum with Ammonium sulfate is an efficient procedure for isolating globin, it does not allow for the accurate determination of a specific isotype of immunoglobulin. Ion exchange chromatography is a prominent technique used to acquire a single desired protein, including a specific isotype of immunoglobins. All molecules, including immunoglobulin that have ionizable groups have a net surface charge that is highly dependent on the environmental pH in which that molecule is in. The pH of an environment can dictate the amount of charge present on a molecule, whether it is more positive or more negative, as well as neutral (Grodzki, and Berenstein, 2010). The neutral point, where all positive charges cancel out the negatives is expressed as the pI of the molecule (Grodzki, and Berenstein, 2010). Since all proteins vary in their pI they will express specific charges at any specific pH. This characteristic of immunoglobulin is utilized in Ion exchange chromatography to isolate specific isotypes even if they vary only slightly in charge. IgG, as well as other isotypes of Ig, have a pI occurring near neutral pH so Anion exchange resins are often used for this type of chromatography. Anion Exchangers utilize resin that contains positively charged functional groups that act as counter ions towards protein being eluted through the column (Determann et al. 1969). With the resin set at a specific pH, the proteins that are most positive will exit the column first due to the repulsion of charges between the positive protein and positive resin. The next proteins to elute will be the neutral ones followed by the negatively charged proteins. Proteins are removed in this manner by constantly adding more of the buffer the column is immersed in. By adding more buffer there is an increased competition for associating with the resins charges, which in turn dissociates protein from the resin and further elutes them through the column (Determann et al. 1969). Not only does the charge of the beads matter but also the flow and porosity of the resin, alternations of these can allow for either a more broaden column exchange or a far more refined one. Diethyl aminoethyl (DEAE)-cellul ose is a commonly used resin for anion exchanging due to its higher porosity and positive functional groups that allows for better flow properties of the column. Increased flow rate allows for separation of more bulky and crude proteins, such as crude immunoglobulin, and aids in a higher resolution of separated proteins (Determann et al. 1969). Once several fractions of the column elution is collected there is many ways to identify which fraction is most likely containing the desired protein of isolation including determining the optical density of the fractions with a spectrophotometer. The OD of Immunoglobulin and other proteins can be determined by selecting a specific wavelength of light and beaming it through the elution fraction and recording the amount of transmitted light via photoreceptors (Edelhoch, 1967). A common wavelength used for identifying immunoglobulin is 280nm, this wavelength is absorbed by the amino acid tryptophan in proteins. Absorption of this wavelength in protiens makes it a proportional reduction of transmitted light based on the concentration of protein present in the column fraction (Edelhoch, 1967). The higher the reduction in transmitted light, the higher the OD reading for a fraction. A fraction of elute from Ion exchange chromatography may contain the desired Immunoglobulin G, but to further prove this, a technique called Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) can be used to confirm the purity of Immunoglobulin fraction. Immunoelectrophoresis is a two-part technique that combines the use of electrophoresis and zone of equivalence of immune complexes to determine a positive result. Electrophoresis is another basic technique used in separating proteins based on size and charge to obtain separate sections of protein in agar gel or other resins such as polyacrylamide in SDS-PAGE techniques.(1) Proteins separate into a gradient of smallest more positive charged towards the cathode to smallest most negative charged towards the anode, with the larger, less charged proteins in the middle gradient. (Serwer and Wright, 2012). After protein separation has occurred in the welled samples, there is addition of antibody specific for certain protein that may be isolated out of the samples used in the experiment. If proteins are present that are the target of affinity for the added antibodies there will be association of antibody:antigen complexes. These complexes will form in the agar gel and at the proper gradient of both antibody and antigen concentrations there will be precipitation of these complexes out of the solution (Slater, 1975). This correct gradient is called the zone of equivalence and is frequently used in determining the presence of desired protein molecules, including immunoglobulin (Slater, 1975). Several other techniques are used in isolating proteins, an extremely prominent technique is the use of Antibodies themselves in Immunofluorescence (IF). Antibodies are engineered to contain a specific affinity towards a desired molecule, protein or even a whole cell. IF can work in either two ways: the first involves a single antibody engineered towards a desired antigen containing a flurochrome itself and emits fluorescent light to be detected. The second contains a secondary antibody that has affinity for the primary antibody binding to an antigen, this secondary antibody is the one that contains the fluochrome for detection (Johnson, 2006). In either of these techniques there is the advantage of staining samples of proteins or cells and identifying not just a single antigen but several with several different antibodies. This technique is extremely useful for identifying proteins in cell structures as well as identifying the presence of proteins in biological systems. Methods and Materials All methods used in this experiment can be located in the Immunology Laboratory Manual cited in references. There were two major alternations to the Immunoelectrophoresis experiment; There was a time of 1.5 to 2 hours allowed for electrophoresis of the agar slides instead of 1 to 1.5 hours. There was also an expansion of time from 24 hours to 48 hours allowed for the IEP slide to rest in a cold room before soaking in 1% NaCl solution. Results A high concentration of IgG was isolated in the third elution fraction from DEAE-cellulose Ion exchange chromatography. Optical density of six Ion exchange chromatography elution fractions were taken with a spectrophotometer to determine protein concentration at a wavelength of 280nm (Fig 1). The highest optical density was observed in the third elution fraction (Fig 1). This illustrates that the largest concentration of protein at a similar charge was eluted at the third fraction of the Ion exchange experiment. Figure 1. Third fraction of DEAE-celluose elution scored the highest optical density. All fractions were tested with spectrophotometry and optical density measurements were taken at a wavelength of 280nm (Fig 1). Results are shown as single values of optical density (OD) and relate to the amount of protein concentration in each fraction. (Fig 1) Immunoelectrophoresis of isolated protein reveals presence of purified IgG in response to Goat anti-rabbit serum Presence of Rabbit Immunoglobin was tested for using Immunoelectrophoresis with Goat anti-rabbit serum. Normal rabbit serum and purified fraction of protein were welled on a 1% agar slide and proteins were separated based on charge via electrophoresis. Anti-rabbit serum was added and results were taken for precipitation of immune complexes 48 hours later (Fig 2). Thin white lines between the wells and trough are precipitated immune complexes and thus show a positive test for rabbit immunglobins (Fig 2). Figure 2. Precipitated immune complexes reveal immunoglobin presence in normal rabbit serum and purified fraction. Proteins were isolated based on charge via electrophoresis to isolate specific proteins. Goat Anti-rabbit serum was added as antibody for rabbit immunoglobin and incubated for 48 hours. Distinction of grey and white bands are positive results regardless Discussion Purified Rabbit Immunoglobin G was isolated from Normal rabbit serum using DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography and Immunelectropheresis with Goat anti-rabbit serum. Once the majority of proteins were salted out of the normal rabbit serum, Ion exchange chromatography was used to separate all proteins from the sample of crude globin. Since immunoglobin proteins are soluble in the blood and are near neutrally charged at philological pH, a large amount of protein was expected to elute roughly half way through the Ion exchange chromatography regardless of using anion or cation exchange columns (Grodzki and Berenstein, 2010). These results occurred for the DEAE-cellulose Ion exchange column used to separate crude rabbit globulin in our experiment. The third elution fraction, of six, contained the highest optical density when evaluated with the spectrophotometer at 280nm. Optical density is related to the concentration of protein in a sample, thus the fraction containing the highest amount of protein was the third fraction which was collected half way through the elution process. Although the method of determining sample concentrations for proteins can vary, these results can be seen in similar protein isolation studies such as Ye et al. article Isolation of lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, ÃŽ ±-lactalbumin, ÃŽ ²-lactoglobulin B and ÃŽ ²-lactoglobulin A from bovine rennet whey using ion exchange chromatography. The protein isolated is presumed to be the globulin isotype Iummogloublin G, this is due to the nature of circulating antibodies found in the serum of the rabbit. The most prominent antibody isotype circulating in the blood is IgG, which binds to antigens, forming immune complexes as well as aiding in many other immune system mechanisms such as compliment activation, opsonization and etc (Collins and Jackson, 2013). Immunoelectrophoersis with Goat anti-rabbit serum was used next to determine whether or not the isolated protein in the third elution fraction is Immunoglobulin G. The nature of this experiment depends on two key process gel electrophoresis and precipitation of Immune complexes. If electrophoresis is preformed properly there should be a separation of proteins based on charge/size from the samples that were welled on the agar covered slide used in the experiment; creating small zones of protein purity along the slide (Slater, 1975). Since the eluted fraction sample should only contain one kind of protein and is roughly pure, there should only be one zone of protein sample, where the normal rabbit serum, containing an array of different proteins, will electrophoresis out into several different zones of protein. Determining these zones of protein was done by adding Goat anti-rabbit serum and allowing diffusion into the gel to create zones of equivalence between antibody and antigen, thu s precipitating the complex to be seen visibly (Serwer and Wright, 2012). For a positive result on the purity of the fraction sample only a single precipitation line formed at the zone of equivalence would be seen. The results for the purity of the fraction sample was conclusive with the above expectations, only a single faint precipitated line was seen on the gel; therefore re-enforcing that there is only a single protein isolated from the Ion exchange elution phase. The single protein isolated is promptly IgG due to it’s response to the anti-Rabbit serum containing anti-rabbit globulin. Immunelectrophoresis was used in this experiment to confirm the presence of IgG in the eluted fraction sample taken from DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography. The reason this method was used was due it’s simplicity in determining specific immune complexes and thus re-ensuring purity. It is relatively quick in determining the presence of antigen, in this case the immunoglobin G of rabbit, and gives results ready to be read visually, lacking the need for software or other means of identification. The draw back of this technique is that it takes some practical skill in preparation and is only useful in identifying the purity of one sample at a time. Techniques such as western blotting would be more efficient for studies that desire more than a single purity such as Yang et al’s article Correlation between the overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor and mesenchymal markers in endometrial carcinoma. An alternation to this experiment could be made in the chroma Purification of Immunoglobins is an extremely useful procedure. Being able to isolate specific classes of Immunoglobulin aids in research of host immune deficiencies such as the research done by Tamura et al in their article Tumor-Produced Secreted Form of Binding of Immunoglobulin Protein Elicits Antigen-Specific Tumor Immunity as well as many other fields of host immunity and clinical research. Successful purification and crystallization of Immunoglobulin has also allowed for insight on how host immune systems respond to infection and the biological processes that take place in these responses. References Jakoby, W.B. 1971. Cystallization as a purification technique, Enzyme Purification and Related Techniques, Methods in Enzymology. 22: 246-252 Determann, H. Meyer, N. Wieland, T. 1969. Ion exchanger from pearl-shaped cellulose gel. Nature 223: 499-500 Edelhoch, H. 1967. Spectrospoic determination of tryptophan and tyrosine in proteins Burnette, N.W. 1981. â€Å"Western Blotting†: Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels to unmodified nitrocellulose and radiographic detection with antibody and radioiodinated protein A. Analytical Biochem 112: 1935-203 Tsutomu A. and Timasheff, S.N. 1984. Mechanism of protein salting in and salting out by divalent cation salts: balance between hydration and salt binding Biochemistry(23)25:5912-5926 321 -Grodzki, A.C. Berenstein, E. (2010) Antibody Purification: Ion-Exchange Chromatography Methods in Molecular Biology 588: 27-32 Slater, L. 1975. IgG, IgA and IgM by formylated rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Ann Clin Biochem 12 (1) : 19-22, 24 Yang, W.N.Ai, Z.H. Wang, Xu, J.Y.L. Teng, Y.C. 2014.Correlation between the overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor and mesenchymal makers in endometrial carcinoma. J Gynecol Oncol. 25:36-42. 47 Collins, A.M. Jackson, K.J.L. 2013. A temporal model of human IgE and IgG antibody function. Front Immunol 4: 225 Ye, X. Yoshida, S. Ng, T.B. 2000. Isolation of lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, ÃŽ ±-lactalbumin, ÃŽ ²-lactoglobulin B and ÃŽ ²-lactoglobulin A from bovine rennet whey using ion exchange chromatography The international journal of Biochemistry Cell biology 32 (11-12): 1143-1150 22 Nydegger, U.E. Lambert, P.H. Gerber, H. Miescher, P.A. 1974. Circulating Immune Complexes in the Serum in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and in Carriers of Hepatitis B Antigen QUANTITATION BY BINDING TO RADIOLABELED Clq Circulating immune complexes in the serum in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and in carriers of Hepatitis Antigen B Quantitation by binding to Radiolabelled Clq. J Clin Invest.  54(2): 297–309. Serwer, P. Wright, E.T. 2012. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Reveals Structural Fluidity of Phage T3 DNA Packaging Intermediate. Electrophoresis 33 (2): 352-365 101-Johnson, I.D. 2006. Practical considerations in the selection and application of fluorescent probes. In: Handbook of biological confocal microscopy, 3rd ed. (J.B. Pawley.ed), Plenum Press. new York. p.362-3. Circulating Immune Complexes in the Serum in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and in Carriers of Hepatitis B Antigen QUANTITATION BY BINDING TO RADIOLABELED Clq

Essay --

Introduction Before the inevitable fall of the mighty Third Reich, several Jewish prisoners were unwillingly forced into deadly, horrifying experiments orchestrated by the Nazis. These helpless individuals underwent what most would call gruesome and inhumane procedures for the benefit of Nazi research and development. Others would, perhaps surprisingly, call them not gruesome, but necessary. The Nazis simulated scenarios they might find their soldiers in during and between combat periods, and used the Jewish people as test dummies in place of their own. This way, they thought, they could acquire data that would help them in the long run without sacrificing their own soldiers, since the Jews were to be executed later anyway. There has been a long going debate over the ethical problems of using the acquired data for modern scientific applications. Description of View There are two main sides of the controversy, one being for the data's use, and the other against. The data was the result of many different experiments, some of which were †¢ measuring a person's response to exposure to...

Gallipoli

Gallipoli Essay Gallipoli is a movie directed by Peter Weir that was released in 1981. It stars Mel Gibson as Frank Dunne and Mark Lee as Archie Hamilton. The film is about several young men from rural Western Australia (WA) who enlist for the Australian Army in May 1915, around the time that Australia first entered the great war. The film has three main settings and three main acts. Act one is set in WA, act two is set in Cairo, Egypt during the Australian Army training camps. And the third and final act is set in Gallipoli.During the course of the movie Archie and Frank slowly lose their innocence about the purpose of war. Through out the film Peter Weir uses film techniques such as symbolic, written, audio and technical codes (SWAT codes) to influence the viewer to have a sympathetic view towards Frank and Archie. In Peter Weir’s tragedy Gallipoli the viewer is made to feel sympathetic towards Frank through the use of SWAT codes. The viewer is first introduced to Frank Dunn e in the second scene of the film in an unknown rural region of WA.When the viewer is first introduced to Frank he is with his mates and they are discussing whether to join the infantry or not. All of Frank’s mates are on board but Frank is not convinced. â€Å"If you want to go and get yourselves blown up then by all means join up. † This example symbolises how Frank is more worldly and has an idea about what really happens in war. This quote also makes the viewer immediately feel sympathetic towards Frank as that viewer gets the feeling that he’s going to leave his mates and have to be alone.This then changes when that when we realise that Frank is going to the Kimberly gift to run this is when the viewer learns that Frank is also a runner however he decides to put a bet on himself to win but the viewer can see through the use of technical codes that although he is confident enough to bet on himself he is still worried about losing the money. The use of techni cal codes makes this clear as the viewer is shown a close up on Franks face which has an anxious expression.This example from the film makes the viewer immediately feel sympathetic towards Frank as the viewer can see how worried Frank is about losing possibly his last bit of money through the use of SWAT codes and in this case the use of technical codes. There are many other scenes where Frank is seen to be running in most cases when he is running it usually turns out to be successful. This is also backed up through the use of sound codes. â€Å"Oxygene† by Jean-Michel Jarre is heard whenever Frank is running and in every case he usually turns out to be something happy associated the music.However this is used as a trap to the viewer when the song is once again played when Frank is running from officer Barton to General Gardiner. Immediately the viewer begins to think as though something good will happen as whenever â€Å"Oxygene† is played the viewer associates it wit h something positive. However it becomes obvious that something bad has happened when we see Archie get killed by Turkish soldiers. This example of the use of an audio code clearly shows how SWAT codes are used through out the film to influence the viewer to have a sympathetic view towards Frank.Through out Peter Weir’s film Gallipoli Frank becomes a character that the viewer becomes quite attached to as his character is displayed through out the film. He is seen as a wise, cunning athlete who the viewer becomes very sympathetic towards. This becomes clear from the examples which have been given in the text above. In Peter Weir’s film Gallipoli The viewer is made to feel sympathetic towards Archie. The viewer is made to feel this way through the use of SWAT codes. The viewer is first introduced to Archie in the very first scene of the Peter Weir’s film Gallipoli.The viewer is given a written code saying â€Å"Western Australia, May, 1915† This written cod e immediately makes the viewer feel sympathetic towards Archie as it is discovered that he is alive during the time that Australia first entered the great war the viewer also immediately makes the assumption that Archie is going to join up as written codes have suggested in the credits. Evidence of this written code that suggests that Archie may join up is in the opening credits. In gothic, blood red text the title says: â€Å"Gallipoli†.This example again makes the viewer feel sympathetic towards Archie as one may get the feeling that something bad may happen to him. Archie’s appearance is another characteristic that makes the viewer feel sympathetic towards him. Archie’s appearance is of a young faced tanned, blonde haired ‘typical Australian’. His appearance also symbolises Australia as a nation in being that it is a very young country. This symbolic code that Peter Weir has used helps the viewer feel sympathetic towards Archie as the viewer may feel that he is just too young o go to war. In the examples given above it becomes clear how the viewer is positioned to have a sympathetic view towards Archie through the use of SWAT codes. Overall I enjoyed Peter Weir’s film ‘Gallipoli’ I found that it had a sad yet comedic view to it and showed the Australian culture during the early years of its federation. The film also showed how nothing good comes out of war and that many young people with infinite potential such as Frank and Archie were killed because of some body else’s war.The film also made the viewer feel in a sympathetic way towards the main characters Frank and Archie. The viewer is positioned to feel this way through the use of film techniques known as SWAT codes. Examples of when these codes are used are shown through out the film have been shown in text above via examples of speech quotes from the film, camera angle and technique analysis, audio analysis, and written text quotes. Through a ll these examples of where SWAT codes have been used it becomes very clear how the viewer begins to have a sympathetic view towards Frank and Archie.